十四点和平纲领（建立世界和平的纲领）

十四点和平纲领简介

十四点和平纲领：十四点和平纲领，即14点计划，1918年美国总统威尔逊提出的结束第一次世界大战的纲领及战后世界的蓝图。为了对抗俄国十月革命和苏维埃政权的影响，为美国战后称霸创造条件，于1918年1月8日威尔逊在国会发表演说，提出“十四点原则”作为“建立世界和平的纲领”。

十四点和平纲领·历史词解——

主要内容

①签订公开和约，杜绝秘密外交；

②平时和战时海上航行绝对自由；

③取消一切经济壁垒，建立贸易平等条件；

④裁减军备到同国内安全相一致的最低点；

⑤公正处理殖民地问题，在决定一切有关主权问题时，应兼顾当地居民的利益和殖民政府之正当要求；

⑥外国军队撤出俄国，并保证俄国独立决定其政治发展和国家政策，欢迎它在自己选择的制度下，进入自由国家的社会；

⑦德军撤出比利时，并恢复其主权；

⑧德军撤出法国，阿尔萨斯和洛林归还法国；

⑨根据民族分布情况，调整意大利疆界；

⑩允许奥匈帝国境内各民族自治；

(11)罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚和门的内哥罗的领土予以恢复；

(12)承认奥斯曼帝国内的土耳其部分有稳固的主权，但土耳其统治的其他民族有在“自治”的基础上不受干扰的发展机会，达达尼尔海峡在国际保证下永远开放为自由航道；

(13)重建独立的拥有出海口的波兰，以国际条约保证其政治经济独立和领土完整；

(14)根据旨在国家不分大小、相互保证政治独立和领土完整的特别盟约，设立国际联合机构。

前5点为原则意见，后9点为具体建议。

英文原文

Woodrow Wilson

The World Must Be Made Safe For Every Peace-Loving Nation: The Fourteen Points

January 8，1918

Washington

Gentlemen of the Congress:

Once more, as repeatedly before, the spokesmen of the central Empires have indicated their desire to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace.

It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy face, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow now or at any other time the objects it has in view.

We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and make the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The program of the world’s peace therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this：

1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.

2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.

3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.

4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.

5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity ofr the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free naions under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also fo every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.

7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.

8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.

9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.

10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.

11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.

12. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of al nations under international guarantees.

13. An independent Polish state should erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.

14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end.

For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this program does remove. We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world, the new world in which we now live, instead of a place of mastery.

Neither do we presume to suggest to her any alteration or modification of her institutions. But it is necessary, we must frankly say, and necessary as a preliminary to any intelligent dealings with her on our part, that we should know whom her spokesmen speak for when they speak to us, whether for the Reichstag majority or for the military party and the men whose creed is imperial domination.

We have spoken now, surely, in terms too concrete to admit of any further doubt or question. An evident principle runs through the whole program I have outlined. It is the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong or weak. Unless this principle be made its foundation no part of the structure of international justice can stand. The people of the United States could act upon no other principle, and to the vindication of this principle they ready to devote their lives, their honor, and everything that they possess. The moral climax of this, the culminating and final war for human liberty has come, and they are ready to put their own strength, their own highest purpose, their own integrity and devotion to the test.

历史意义

十四点计划固然满口和平公正，但不过是掩饰美国争霸世界野心的美丽的外表而已，其出台也包含着 抵消苏维埃政府和平建议的目的。

不过，十四点计划处于美国争夺世界霸权的考虑，把 德国作为未来国际舞台上同英国、法国抗衡的力量和反苏维埃的桥头堡，在某种程度上遏制了协约国企图以胜利者的姿态肢解德国的报复行为，对日后的世界政治格局有深远意义。

失败标志

“十四点”计划表面上标榜“民族自决”，反对“秘密外交”,倡导建立“公正而持久的和平”,实际上是美国企图利用战争中增长的实力，削弱竞争对手英、法帝国主义，重新瓜分世界。也反映其敌视苏联、反对被压迫民族争取独立解放的立场。威尔逊为了反对英、法、俄撇开美国秘密分割世界，提出反对秘密外交；为了取代英国的海上霸权，主张海上自由；为了确立美国的商业霸权，要求废除经济壁垒；在欢迎俄国进入“自由”国家社会的招牌下，反对苏维埃政权，在注解中明确表示要承认并援助若干临时政府，与苏俄政府对抗；以同等重视殖民地人民与帝国主义的要求来否认被压迫民族的民族独立，以“自治”为名反对前奥斯曼帝国内的阿拉伯民族的独立；为了使美国成为世界盟主，建议创立国际联合机构。1919年的巴黎和会(1919)上，英、法操纵会议进程，猛烈反对美国旨在建立世界霸权的纲领。所议定的和约条款大多不符合“十四点”的初衷，新创立的国际联盟也成为推行英、法两国政策的工具。美国国会拒绝批准《凡尔赛和约》，不参加国际联盟。这标志着“十四点”的失败。